City of London
Live
since January 1st, 2009
Parent area: London
Alternative name: City of London London Borough,Corporation of The City of London
See Find that Postcode for detailed information on this geography.
Datasets
Vacant homes
Dwellings and household projections
Affordable homes
Median house prices
Population
Council tax stock of property
Net additional dwellings
Vacant homes in City of London §
See how City of London compares to the rest of the UK .
Skip line chart Date 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Percent of all households 0 1 2 3 4 5 All Vacants 2004: 3.14% All Vacants 2005: 2.29% All Vacants 2006: 1.73% All Vacants 2007: 2.27% All Vacants 2008: 1.81% All Vacants 2009: 1.32% All Vacants 2010: 2.4% All Vacants 2011: 1.6% All Vacants 2012: 1.61% All Vacants 2013: 1.92% All Vacants 2014: 2% All Vacants 2015: 1.38% All Vacants 2016: 1.96% All Vacants 2017: 3.99% All Vacants 2018: 4.97% All Vacants 2019: 4.56% All Vacants 2020: 4.43% All Vacants 2021: 3.76% All Vacants 2022: 4.53% All Vacants 2023: 4.07% Long Term Vacants 2004: 2.26% Long Term Vacants 2005: 1.6% Long Term Vacants 2006: 1.02% Long Term Vacants 2007: 1% Long Term Vacants 2008: 0.87% Long Term Vacants 2009: 0.44% Long Term Vacants 2010: 0.42% Long Term Vacants 2011: 0.82% Long Term Vacants 2012: 0.6% Long Term Vacants 2013: 0.84% Long Term Vacants 2014: 0.8% Long Term Vacants 2015: 0.71% Long Term Vacants 2016: 0.76% Long Term Vacants 2017: 2.5% Long Term Vacants 2018: 3.78% Long Term Vacants 2019: 4.01% Long Term Vacants 2020: 3.88% Long Term Vacants 2021: 2.85% Long Term Vacants 2022: 3.8% Long Term Vacants 2023: 3.36% Go to the start of line chart
Data: Vacant home and long-term vacant home percentages are calculated by dividing the respective counts in
Table 615: vacant dwellings by local authority district: England, from 2004 by the dwelling count estimates in
Table 125: dwelling stock estimates by local authority district .
Dwellings and household projections in City of London §
Skip line chart Date 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Households 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Dwellings 2004: 5,263 Dwellings 2005: 5,374 Dwellings 2006: 5,373 Dwellings 2007: 5,374 Dwellings 2008: 5,420 Dwellings 2009: 5,466 Dwellings 2010: 5,458 Dwellings 2011: 5,513 Dwellings 2012: 5,532 Dwellings 2013: 5,569 Dwellings 2014: 6,008 Dwellings 2015: 6,236 Dwellings 2016: 6,315 Dwellings 2017: 6,323 Dwellings 2018: 6,463 Dwellings 2019: 6,816 Dwellings 2020: 7,115 Dwellings 2021: 7,323 Dwellings 2022: 7,755 Dwellings 2023: 7,764 Household Projections 2004: 3,998 Household Projections 2005: 4,016 Household Projections 2006: 4,075 Household Projections 2007: 4,234 Household Projections 2008: 4,159 Household Projections 2009: 4,158 Household Projections 2010: 4,040 Household Projections 2011: 4,093 Household Projections 2012: 3,703 Household Projections 2013: 3,434 Household Projections 2014: 3,443 Household Projections 2015: 3,624 Household Projections 2016: 3,848 Household Projections 2017: 3,970 Household Projections 2018: 4,359 Household Projections 2019: 4,321 Household Projections 2020: 4,288 Household Projections 2021: 4,284 Household Projections 2022: 4,302 Household Projections 2023: 4,328 Long Term Vacants 2004: 119 Long Term Vacants 2005: 86 Long Term Vacants 2006: 55 Long Term Vacants 2007: 54 Long Term Vacants 2008: 47 Long Term Vacants 2009: 24 Long Term Vacants 2010: 23 Long Term Vacants 2011: 45 Long Term Vacants 2012: 33 Long Term Vacants 2013: 47 Long Term Vacants 2014: 48 Long Term Vacants 2015: 44 Long Term Vacants 2016: 48 Long Term Vacants 2017: 158 Long Term Vacants 2018: 244 Long Term Vacants 2019: 273 Long Term Vacants 2020: 276 Long Term Vacants 2021: 209 Long Term Vacants 2022: 295 Long Term Vacants 2023: 261 All Vacants 2004: 165 All Vacants 2005: 123 All Vacants 2006: 93 All Vacants 2007: 122 All Vacants 2008: 98 All Vacants 2009: 72 All Vacants 2010: 131 All Vacants 2011: 88 All Vacants 2012: 89 All Vacants 2013: 107 All Vacants 2014: 120 All Vacants 2015: 86 All Vacants 2016: 124 All Vacants 2017: 252 All Vacants 2018: 321 All Vacants 2019: 311 All Vacants 2020: 315 All Vacants 2021: 275 All Vacants 2022: 351 All Vacants 2023: 316 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Dwelling count estimates are from Table 125: dwelling stock estimates by local authority district . Household estimates are from the
2018-based household projections for local authorities and higher adminstrative areas within England .
Affordable homes in City of London §
Skip bar chart First Homes
Affordable Home Ownership
Shared Ownership
Intermediate Rent
Affordable Rent
London Affordable Rent
Social Rent
0 100 120 20 40 60 80 1995-96 1996-97 2009-10 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2017-18 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 1997-98 2022-23 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2005-06 2006-07 2008-09 Social Rent 2022-23: 1 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2021-22: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2020-21: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2019-20: 10 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2017-18: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2015-16: 1 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2014-15: 43 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2013-14: 20 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2012-13: 6 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2011-12: 2 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2009-10: 35 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2002-03: 14 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2001-02: 76 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2000-01: 132 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1999-00: 28 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1997-98: 67 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1995-96: 40 units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2022-23: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2021-22: 2 units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2020-21: 4 units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2019-20: 10 units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2017-18: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2015-16: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2014-15: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2012-13: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2011-12: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2022-23: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2021-22: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2020-21: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2019-20: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2017-18: 19 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2015-16: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2014-15: 1 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2012-13: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2011-12: 1 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2022-23: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2021-22: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2020-21: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2019-20: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2017-18: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2015-16: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2014-15: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2012-13: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2011-12: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2022-23: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2021-22: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2020-21: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2019-20: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2017-18: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2015-16: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2014-15: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2012-13: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2011-12: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2022-23: 1 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2021-22: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2020-21: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2019-20: 10 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2017-18: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2015-16: 1 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2014-15: 43 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2013-14: 20 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2012-13: 6 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2011-12: 2 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2009-10: 35 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2002-03: 14 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2001-02: 76 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2000-01: 132 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1999-00: 28 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1997-98: 67 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1995-96: 40 units (bed spaces)First Homes 2022-23: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2021-22: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2020-21: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2019-20: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2017-18: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2015-16: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2014-15: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2012-13: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2011-12: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)Go to the start of bar chart
Data : Affordable homes data comes from
Live tables on affordable housing supply published by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. On this chart, we present the data from
Affordable housing supply open data . We use figures for completions, and group by date, tenure and local authority. This is equivalent to
Table 1000: additional affordable homes provided by type of scheme, England . The data processing pipeline is
published openly .
This chart shows the number of housing units (bed spaces) provided in addition to the exisiting afforable housing stock.
It is well-worth reading the
Affordable housing supply statistics bulletin for more detailed information. For definitions of what counts as affordable housing, see
Fact Sheet 9: What is Afforable housing?
Notes
Intermediate rent includes London Living Rent from 2017-18
From 2020/21, it is not possible to break down units between Social Rent and London Affordable Rent funded through some GLA schemes. When this happens they will be counted against Social Rent.
Shared Ownership figures for 2014-15 and 2015-16 are based on Homes England and the GLA figures only. Shared ownership units funded by other means are counted as affordable home ownership. Prior to 2014-15, all shared ownership units are counted as affordable home ownership.
House prices in City of London §
See house price to earnings ratio for England and Wales .
Skip line chart Date 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 Median house price (£) 100000 1000000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 Median house price (£) Dec 1995: £105,000 Median house price (£) Mar 1996: £112,500 Median house price (£) Jun 1996: £112,375 Median house price (£) Sep 1996: £121,500 Median house price (£) Dec 1996: £124,250 Median house price (£) Mar 1997: £127,000 Median house price (£) Jun 1997: £130,000 Median house price (£) Sep 1997: £130,000 Median house price (£) Dec 1997: £135,000 Median house price (£) Mar 1998: £147,000 Median house price (£) Jun 1998: £155,000 Median house price (£) Sep 1998: £161,000 Median house price (£) Dec 1998: £170,000 Median house price (£) Mar 1999: £175,000 Median house price (£) Jun 1999: £175,000 Median house price (£) Sep 1999: £180,000 Median house price (£) Dec 1999: £180,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2000: £180,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2000: £186,547.5 Median house price (£) Sep 2000: £191,995 Median house price (£) Dec 2000: £200,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2001: £220,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2001: £235,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2001: £235,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2001: £237,500 Median house price (£) Mar 2002: £230,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2002: £225,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2002: £240,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2002: £250,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2003: £279,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2003: £290,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2003: £290,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2003: £285,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2004: £270,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2004: £275,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2004: £280,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2004: £280,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2005: £300,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2005: £297,500 Median house price (£) Sep 2005: £305,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2005: £310,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2006: £312,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2006: £315,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2006: £323,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2006: £341,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2007: £355,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2007: £380,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2007: £395,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2007: £418,750 Median house price (£) Mar 2008: £425,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2008: £395,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2008: £377,500 Median house price (£) Dec 2008: £366,250 Median house price (£) Mar 2009: £357,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2009: £373,500 Median house price (£) Sep 2009: £381,250 Median house price (£) Dec 2009: £400,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2010: £424,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2010: £430,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2010: £452,500 Median house price (£) Dec 2010: £450,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2011: £466,250 Median house price (£) Jun 2011: £465,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2011: £455,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2011: £465,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2012: £460,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2012: £460,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2012: £474,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2012: £485,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2013: £495,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2013: £550,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2013: £575,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2013: £615,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2014: £625,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2014: £640,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2014: £700,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2014: £769,100 Median house price (£) Mar 2015: £806,250 Median house price (£) Jun 2015: £814,500 Median house price (£) Sep 2015: £823,750 Median house price (£) Dec 2015: £799,999.5 Median house price (£) Mar 2016: £795,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2016: £799,750 Median house price (£) Sep 2016: £800,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2016: £833,200 Median house price (£) Mar 2017: £835,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2017: £825,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2017: £849,975 Median house price (£) Dec 2017: £840,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2018: £850,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2018: £880,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2018: £888,099 Median house price (£) Dec 2018: £923,080 Median house price (£) Mar 2019: £930,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2019: £923,080 Median house price (£) Sep 2019: £919,325 Median house price (£) Dec 2019: £865,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2020: £898,875 Median house price (£) Jun 2020: £895,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2020: £895,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2020: £859,500 Median house price (£) Mar 2021: £819,787.5 Median house price (£) Jun 2021: £800,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2021: £798,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2021: £810,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2022: £827,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2022: £860,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2022: £850,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2022: £825,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2023: £825,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2023: £885,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2023: £925,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2023: £890,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2024: £890,000 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Median house price estimates come from the ONS
Median house prices for administrative geographies . Published under Open Government Licensce v.3.0.
Population of City of London §
Skip line chart Date 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Population 0 10000 20000 Population 1991: 5,361 Population 1992: 5,167 Population 1993: 5,309 Population 1994: 5,425 Population 1995: 5,489 Population 1996: 5,551 Population 1997: 5,670 Population 1998: 5,720 Population 1999: 6,581 Population 2000: 7,014 Population 2001: 7,359 Population 2002: 7,280 Population 2003: 7,115 Population 2004: 7,118 Population 2005: 7,131 Population 2006: 7,254 Population 2007: 7,607 Population 2008: 7,429 Population 2009: 7,472 Population 2010: 7,338 Population 2011: 7,412 Population 2012: 7,514 Population 2013: 7,537 Population 2014: 7,567 Population 2015: 7,668 Population 2016: 7,737 Population 2017: 7,877 Population 2018: 8,165 Population 2019: 8,765 Population 2020: 8,331 Population 2021: 8,689 Population 2022: 11,457 Population 2023: 13,462 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Population estimates come from Office for National Statistics accessed (via Nomis)
Population estimates - local authority based by single year of age . Published under Open Government Licensce v.3.0.
Number of properties in City of London §
Skip line chart Date 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Number of properties 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Number of properties 1993: 3,790 Number of properties 1994: 3,790 Number of properties 1995: 3,810 Number of properties 1996: 3,860 Number of properties 1997: 4,080 Number of properties 1998: 4,240 Number of properties 1999: 4,450 Number of properties 2000: 4,670 Number of properties 2001: 4,870 Number of properties 2002: 5,060 Number of properties 2003: 5,130 Number of properties 2004: 5,590 Number of properties 2005: 5,650 Number of properties 2006: 5,720 Number of properties 2007: 5,810 Number of properties 2008: 5,830 Number of properties 2009: 5,940 Number of properties 2010: 5,940 Number of properties 2011: 6,100 Number of properties 2012: 6,140 Number of properties 2013: 6,270 Number of properties 2014: 6,530 Number of properties 2015: 6,770 Number of properties 2016: 6,830 Number of properties 2017: 6,850 Number of properties 2018: 7,050 Number of properties 2019: 7,390 Number of properties 2020: 7,440 Number of properties 2021: 7,520 Number of properties 2022: 7,690 Number of properties 2023: 7,960 Number of properties 2024: 7,960 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Stock of properties data come from the Valuation Office Agency Council Tax: stock of properties, 2024. Here we present data from
Table CTSOP 1.1: number of properties by Council Tax band and region,
county, local authority district, and lower and middle layer super output area, 1993 to 2024.
Net additional dwellings in City of London §
Skip line chart Date 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Net additional dwellings -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 Net additional dwellings 2001-02: 108 Net additional dwellings 2002-03: 9 Net additional dwellings 2003-04: 137 Net additional dwellings 2004-05: 111 Net additional dwellings 2005-06: -1 Net additional dwellings 2006-07: 1 Net additional dwellings 2007-08: 46 Net additional dwellings 2008-09: 46 Net additional dwellings 2009-10: -8 Net additional dwellings 2010-11: 54 Net additional dwellings 2011-12: 20 Net additional dwellings 2012-13: 37 Net additional dwellings 2013-14: 439 Net additional dwellings 2014-15: 228 Net additional dwellings 2015-16: 79 Net additional dwellings 2016-17: 9 Net additional dwellings 2017-18: 140 Net additional dwellings 2018-19: 353 Net additional dwellings 2019-20: 299 Net additional dwellings 2020-21: 208 Net additional dwellings 2021-22: 432 Net additional dwellings 2022-23: 9 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Net additional dwellings data come from
Table 122 and Table 118 of the live tables on net supply of
housing . Published by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.
Notes: On the chart, data points are set to the end date of the time period. Each year covers April to March. There are 16 data notes which can be viewed in the
ODF file for Table 122 . The three most recent are:
The 2017-18 published figure for Thanet has been manually adjusted by DLUHC to remove 84 units incorrectly included in the raw data by the authority. These units were empty homes returning to use and were removed as they did not meet the definition of a net additional dwelling.
Net additions for Isles of Scilly are negative for 2021-22 since it is a small local authority area with very limited development in this year.
Figures for the following local authorities were not submitted in 2022-23 so were imputed: Telford and Wrekin UA, Wiltshire UA and Ribble Valley.