Buckinghamshire
Live
since April 1st, 2020
Parent area: South East
Alternative name: Buckinghamshire Council,Buckinghamshire County Council
See Find that Postcode for detailed information on this geography.
Datasets
Vacant homes
Dwellings and household projections
Affordable homes
Median house prices
Population
Council tax stock of property
Net additional dwellings
Vacant homes in Buckinghamshire §
See how Buckinghamshire compares to the rest of the UK .
Skip line chart Date 2020 2022 2024 Percent of all households 0 1 2 3 All Vacants 2021: 2.73% All Vacants 2022: 2.39% All Vacants 2023: 2.4% Long Term Vacants 2021: 0.83% Long Term Vacants 2022: 0.85% Long Term Vacants 2023: 0.86% Go to the start of line chart
Data: Vacant home and long-term vacant home percentages are calculated by dividing the respective counts in
Table 615: vacant dwellings by local authority district: England, from 2004 by the dwelling count estimates in
Table 125: dwelling stock estimates by local authority district .
Dwellings and household projections in Buckinghamshire §
Skip line chart Date 2020 2022 2024 Households 0 100000 200000 300000 Dwellings 2021: 230,529 Dwellings 2022: 233,146 Dwellings 2023: 236,864 Long Term Vacants 2020: 1,767 Long Term Vacants 2021: 1,914 Long Term Vacants 2022: 1,986 Long Term Vacants 2023: 2,036 All Vacants 2020: 6,001 All Vacants 2021: 6,285 All Vacants 2022: 5,581 All Vacants 2023: 5,686 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Dwelling count estimates are from Table 125: dwelling stock estimates by local authority district . Household estimates are from the
2018-based household projections for local authorities and higher adminstrative areas within England .
Affordable homes in Buckinghamshire §
Skip bar chart First Homes
Affordable Home Ownership
Shared Ownership
Intermediate Rent
Affordable Rent
London Affordable Rent
Social Rent
0 200 400 600 800 1991-92 1992-93 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 1993-94 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 1994-95 2021-22 2022-23 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 Social Rent 2022-23: 39 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2021-22: 16 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2020-21: 51 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2019-20: 34 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2018-19: 14 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2017-18: 39 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2016-17: 20 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2015-16: 1 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2014-15: 49 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2013-14: 67 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2012-13: 143 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2011-12: 564 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2010-11: 389 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2009-10: 426 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2008-09: 394 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2007-08: 201 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2006-07: 183 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2005-06: 68 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2004-05: 170 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2003-04: 237 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2002-03: 171 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2001-02: 304 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2000-01: 220 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1999-00: 331 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1998-99: 388 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1997-98: 247 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1996-97: 382 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1995-96: 442 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1994-95: 389 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1993-94: 506 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1992-93: 315 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1991-92: 246 units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2022-23: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2021-22: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2020-21: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2019-20: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2018-19: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2017-18: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2016-17: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2015-16: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2014-15: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2012-13: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2011-12: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2010-11: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2007-08: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2004-05: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2003-04: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1998-99: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1994-95: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1993-94: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1992-93: null units (bed spaces)London Affordable Rent 1991-92: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2022-23: 264 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2021-22: 568 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2020-21: 325 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2019-20: 388 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2018-19: 375 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2017-18: 294 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2016-17: 251 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2015-16: 107 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2014-15: 307 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2013-14: 222 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2012-13: 119 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2011-12: 2 units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2010-11: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2007-08: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2004-05: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2003-04: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1998-99: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1994-95: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1993-94: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1992-93: null units (bed spaces)Affordable Rent 1991-92: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2022-23: 3 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2021-22: 10 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2020-21: 14 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2019-20: 8 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2018-19: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2017-18: 8 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2016-17: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2015-16: 8 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2014-15: 1 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2012-13: 4 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2011-12: 15 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2010-11: 18 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2009-10: 29 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2007-08: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2006-07: 5 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2005-06: 9 units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2004-05: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2003-04: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1998-99: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1994-95: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1993-94: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1992-93: null units (bed spaces)Intermediate Rent 1991-92: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2022-23: 159 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2021-22: 175 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2020-21: 157 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2019-20: 148 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2018-19: 222 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2017-18: 99 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2016-17: 80 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2015-16: 17 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2014-15: 167 units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2012-13: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2011-12: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2010-11: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2007-08: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2004-05: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2003-04: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1998-99: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1994-95: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1993-94: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1992-93: null units (bed spaces)Shared Ownership 1991-92: null units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2022-23: 39 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2021-22: 16 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2020-21: 51 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2019-20: 34 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2018-19: 14 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2017-18: 39 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2016-17: 20 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2015-16: 1 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2014-15: 49 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2013-14: 67 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2012-13: 143 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2011-12: 564 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2010-11: 389 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2009-10: 426 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2008-09: 394 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2007-08: 201 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2006-07: 183 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2005-06: 68 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2004-05: 170 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2003-04: 237 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2002-03: 171 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2001-02: 304 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 2000-01: 220 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1999-00: 331 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1998-99: 388 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1997-98: 247 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1996-97: 382 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1995-96: 442 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1994-95: 389 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1993-94: 506 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1992-93: 315 units (bed spaces)Social Rent 1991-92: 246 units (bed spaces)First Homes 2022-23: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2021-22: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2020-21: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2019-20: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2018-19: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2017-18: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2016-17: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2015-16: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2014-15: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2013-14: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2012-13: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2011-12: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2010-11: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2009-10: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2008-09: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2007-08: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2006-07: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2005-06: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2004-05: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2003-04: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2002-03: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2001-02: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 2000-01: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1999-00: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1998-99: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1997-98: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1996-97: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1995-96: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1994-95: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1993-94: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1992-93: null units (bed spaces)First Homes 1991-92: null units (bed spaces)Go to the start of bar chart
Data : Affordable homes data comes from
Live tables on affordable housing supply published by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. On this chart, we present the data from
Affordable housing supply open data . We use figures for completions, and group by date, tenure and local authority. This is equivalent to
Table 1000: additional affordable homes provided by type of scheme, England . The data processing pipeline is
published openly .
This chart shows the number of housing units (bed spaces) provided in addition to the exisiting afforable housing stock.
It is well-worth reading the
Affordable housing supply statistics bulletin for more detailed information. For definitions of what counts as affordable housing, see
Fact Sheet 9: What is Afforable housing?
Notes
Intermediate rent includes London Living Rent from 2017-18
From 2020/21, it is not possible to break down units between Social Rent and London Affordable Rent funded through some GLA schemes. When this happens they will be counted against Social Rent.
Shared Ownership figures for 2014-15 and 2015-16 are based on Homes England and the GLA figures only. Shared ownership units funded by other means are counted as affordable home ownership. Prior to 2014-15, all shared ownership units are counted as affordable home ownership.
House prices in Buckinghamshire §
See house price to earnings ratio for England and Wales .
Skip line chart Date 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 Median house price (£) 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 Median house price (£) Dec 1995: £85,000 Median house price (£) Mar 1996: £84,500 Median house price (£) Jun 1996: £85,000 Median house price (£) Sep 1996: £86,000 Median house price (£) Dec 1996: £85,500 Median house price (£) Mar 1997: £87,000 Median house price (£) Jun 1997: £89,000 Median house price (£) Sep 1997: £90,000 Median house price (£) Dec 1997: £94,950 Median house price (£) Mar 1998: £96,000 Median house price (£) Jun 1998: £99,995 Median house price (£) Sep 1998: £105,000 Median house price (£) Dec 1998: £107,500 Median house price (£) Mar 1999: £110,000 Median house price (£) Jun 1999: £112,500 Median house price (£) Sep 1999: £118,000 Median house price (£) Dec 1999: £121,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2000: £124,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2000: £128,995 Median house price (£) Sep 2000: £133,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2000: £139,500 Median house price (£) Mar 2001: £143,825 Median house price (£) Jun 2001: £147,725 Median house price (£) Sep 2001: £151,500 Median house price (£) Dec 2001: £154,950 Median house price (£) Mar 2002: £157,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2002: £163,500 Median house price (£) Sep 2002: £169,950 Median house price (£) Dec 2002: £179,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2003: £184,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2003: £187,972.5 Median house price (£) Sep 2003: £193,500 Median house price (£) Dec 2003: £196,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2004: £200,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2004: £206,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2004: £214,950 Median house price (£) Dec 2004: £219,950 Median house price (£) Mar 2005: £221,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2005: £225,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2005: £225,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2005: £226,500 Median house price (£) Mar 2006: £228,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2006: £232,500 Median house price (£) Sep 2006: £237,500 Median house price (£) Dec 2006: £240,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2007: £244,950 Median house price (£) Jun 2007: £247,500 Median house price (£) Sep 2007: £249,950 Median house price (£) Dec 2007: £250,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2008: £250,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2008: £262,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2008: £260,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2008: £250,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2009: £249,999 Median house price (£) Jun 2009: £246,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2009: £245,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2009: £245,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2010: £250,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2010: £250,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2010: £265,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2010: £275,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2011: £272,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2011: £270,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2011: £270,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2011: £269,950 Median house price (£) Mar 2012: £265,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2012: £270,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2012: £270,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2012: £272,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2013: £275,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2013: £275,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2013: £275,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2013: £280,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2014: £285,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2014: £289,950 Median house price (£) Sep 2014: £297,500 Median house price (£) Dec 2014: £305,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2015: £307,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2015: £315,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2015: £320,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2015: £325,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2016: £332,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2016: £340,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2016: £350,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2016: £354,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2017: £365,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2017: £372,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2017: £380,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2017: £385,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2018: £385,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2018: £385,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2018: £385,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2018: £385,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2019: £385,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2019: £385,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2019: £389,998 Median house price (£) Dec 2019: £390,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2020: £392,500 Median house price (£) Jun 2020: £395,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2020: £400,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2020: £413,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2021: £435,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2021: £435,950 Median house price (£) Sep 2021: £435,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2021: £430,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2022: £425,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2022: £425,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2022: £448,900 Median house price (£) Dec 2022: £450,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2023: £450,000 Median house price (£) Jun 2023: £450,000 Median house price (£) Sep 2023: £450,000 Median house price (£) Dec 2023: £450,000 Median house price (£) Mar 2024: £455,000 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Median house price estimates come from the ONS
Median house prices for administrative geographies . Published under Open Government Licensce v.3.0.
Population of Buckinghamshire §
Skip line chart Date 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Population 400000 500000 600000 Population 1991: 455,714 Population 1992: 459,993 Population 1993: 461,915 Population 1994: 464,078 Population 1995: 467,904 Population 1996: 468,779 Population 1997: 471,148 Population 1998: 472,078 Population 1999: 475,883 Population 2000: 477,186 Population 2001: 479,131 Population 2002: 478,768 Population 2003: 480,164 Population 2004: 482,126 Population 2005: 485,526 Population 2006: 489,348 Population 2007: 493,501 Population 2008: 496,371 Population 2009: 498,813 Population 2010: 502,820 Population 2011: 506,550 Population 2012: 512,105 Population 2013: 517,918 Population 2014: 523,613 Population 2015: 529,999 Population 2016: 535,519 Population 2017: 538,762 Population 2018: 541,983 Population 2019: 545,859 Population 2020: 549,066 Population 2021: 555,161 Population 2022: 560,688 Population 2023: 566,694 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Population estimates come from Office for National Statistics accessed (via Nomis)
Population estimates - local authority based by single year of age . Published under Open Government Licensce v.3.0.
Number of properties in Buckinghamshire §
Skip line chart Date 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Number of properties 100000 200000 300000 Number of properties 1993: 182,190 Number of properties 1994: 183,520 Number of properties 1995: 185,030 Number of properties 1996: 186,220 Number of properties 1997: 187,400 Number of properties 1998: 188,720 Number of properties 1999: 189,910 Number of properties 2000: 191,120 Number of properties 2001: 192,170 Number of properties 2002: 193,510 Number of properties 2003: 194,780 Number of properties 2004: 196,020 Number of properties 2005: 197,390 Number of properties 2006: 198,620 Number of properties 2007: 200,060 Number of properties 2008: 201,970 Number of properties 2009: 203,890 Number of properties 2010: 205,600 Number of properties 2011: 207,040 Number of properties 2012: 209,050 Number of properties 2013: 210,880 Number of properties 2014: 212,640 Number of properties 2015: 214,610 Number of properties 2016: 216,690 Number of properties 2017: 218,900 Number of properties 2018: 221,200 Number of properties 2019: 224,320 Number of properties 2020: 227,360 Number of properties 2021: 229,320 Number of properties 2022: 231,860 Number of properties 2023: 234,580 Number of properties 2024: 236,700 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Stock of properties data come from the Valuation Office Agency Council Tax: stock of properties, 2024. Here we present data from
Table CTSOP 1.1: number of properties by Council Tax band and region,
county, local authority district, and lower and middle layer super output area, 1993 to 2024.
Net additional dwellings in Buckinghamshire §
Skip line chart Date 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Net additional dwellings 2000 3000 4000 Net additional dwellings 2020-21: 2,031 Net additional dwellings 2021-22: 2,617 Net additional dwellings 2022-23: 3,718 Go to the start of line chart
Data: Net additional dwellings data come from
Table 122 and Table 118 of the live tables on net supply of
housing . Published by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.
Notes: On the chart, data points are set to the end date of the time period. Each year covers April to March. There are 16 data notes which can be viewed in the
ODF file for Table 122 . The three most recent are:
The 2017-18 published figure for Thanet has been manually adjusted by DLUHC to remove 84 units incorrectly included in the raw data by the authority. These units were empty homes returning to use and were removed as they did not meet the definition of a net additional dwelling.
Net additions for Isles of Scilly are negative for 2021-22 since it is a small local authority area with very limited development in this year.
Figures for the following local authorities were not submitted in 2022-23 so were imputed: Telford and Wrekin UA, Wiltshire UA and Ribble Valley.